error cluster

1) Computers: cluster of error, error cluster

2) Engineering: burst error, error burst

3) Mathematics: cluster of errors (пачка)

4) Telecommunications: erroneous element burst

1) Engineering: burst error, error cluster

2) Telecommunications: error burst

3) Information technology: cluster of error

1 analysis, inspection, investigation, examination.

2 analysis, breakdown, dissection.

3 assay.

* * *

► nombre masculino invariable

1 analysis

\

análisis de orina urine test

análisis de sangre blood test

* * *

1) analysis

2) test

* * *

SM INV

1) (=examen) analysis; [detallado] breakdown

2) (Econ)

3) (Med, Quím, Fís)

4) (Ling) analysis, parsing

5) (Inform)

* * *

masculino (pl análisis) analysis

* * *

= analysis [analyses, -pl.], assessment, probing, review, breakdown, calibration, close look, post mortem [postmortem], overview, academic study, surveying, testing.

Ex. The operation of investigating a whole with the aim of finding out its essential parts and their relationship to each other is known as analysis.

Ex. However, although the subject may be the primary consideration in the assessment of relevance, subject is not the only factor that determines whether a user wishes to be alerted to the existence of a document.

Ex. Counselling requires much more time and in-depth probing, although it can at one extreme cover simply the act of lending a sympathetic ear to clients who, in externalizing their problems, may thus be better able to face them and arrive at a solution.

Ex. The review is supported by a complete list of LIPs completed or in progess at Aug 88, followed by references to their reports.

Ex. When she arrived at her boss's office at the appointed time, she learned why she had been asked for the breakdown of her day's activities.

Ex. This requires careful calibration of reader response and the use of as many quantitative indices as possible.

Ex. The article has the title 'A close look at Dewey 18: alive and well and living in Albany'.

Ex. Survey research is used to determine what kind of post mortem appraisals companies undertake concerning their abandoned information systems development projects.

Ex. Figure 16 on page 24 gives an overview of searching.

Ex. Cyberculture is emerging as an interdisciplinary subject of academic study.

Ex. The author describes one effort made to counter this trend, through the surveying of the records of a library and the identification of materials to be preserved.

Ex. Attention has focussed on the labelling of foodstuffs and the testing and approval of food additives.

----

* análisis bibliométrico = bibliometric analysis.

* análisis cientométrico = scientometric analysis.

* análisis cinematográfico = film analysis.

* análisis cluster = cluster analysis.

* análisis conceptual = conceptual analysis.

* análisis crítico = critical eye, critical analysis.

* análisis cualitativo = qualitative analysis.

* análisis cuantitativo = quantitative analysis.

* análisis de agrupamiento por cocitas = cocitation cluster analysis.

* análisis de áreas del conocimiento = domain analysis.

* análisis de citas = citation analysis.

* análisis de cocitas = cocitation analysis.

* análisis de cocitas de autores = author co-citation analysis.

* análisis de componentes principales = principal component(s) analysis.

* análisis de contabilidad = financial analysis.

* análisis de contenido = content analysis, conceptual analysis.

* análisis de coocurrencia de términos = co-word analysis.

* análisis de correlación = correlation analysis.

* análisis de costes = cost analysis.

* análisis de costes-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.

* análisis de costos-beneficios = cost-benefit analysis.

* análisis de dominios del conocimiento = domain analysis.

* análisis de errores = error analysis.

* análisis de grupo = cohort analysis.

* análisis de laboratorio = laboratory analysis.

* análisis de la colección = collection analysis.

* análisis de la coocurrencia de palabras = co-word analysis.

* análisis del contenido = document analysis, subject analysis, content analysis.

* análisis del discurso = discourse analysis.

* análisis del rendimiento = performance analysis.

* análisis de necesidades = needs analysis.

* análisis de regresión múltiple = multiple regression analysis.

* análisis de rendimiento = performance test.

* análisis de riesgos = risk analysis, risk assessment, risk evaluation.

* análisis de sangre = blood test.

* análisis de sistemas = system(s) analysis.

* análisis detallado = close examination.

* análisis de tendencias = trend analysis.

* análisis de una muestra representativa = cross-sectional analysis.

* análisis de varianza (ANOVA) = analysis of variance (ANOVA).

* análisis diagnóstico = diagnostic test.

* análisis discriminante = discriminant analysis.

* análisis documental = document analysis, subject analysis.

* análisis escalar = scaling analysis.

* análisis escalar de Guttman = Guttman scale analysis.

* análisis espacial = spatial analysis.

* análisis estadístico = statistical analysis.

* análisis estadístico multivariante = multivariate statistical analysis.

* análisis facetado = facet analysis.

* análisis factorial = factor analysis.

* análisis formal de documentos = markup [mark-up].

* análisis léxico = lexical analysis.

* análisis literario = literary analysis.

* análisis longitudinal = longitudinal analysis.

* análisis más detallado = close attention.

* análisis más minucioso = closer examination.

* análisis minucioso = scrutiny, dissection, cross examination.

* análisis morfológico = morphological analysis.

* análisis multidimensional de clases = multidimensional cluster analysis.

* análisis multidimensional escalar = multidimensional scaling analysis.

* análisis multivariable = multivariate analysis, multivariate test.

* análisis multivariante = multivariate analysis, multivariate test.

* análisis municioso = close examination.

* análisis por facetas = facet analysis.

* análisis por género = gender analysis.

* análisis químico = chemical analysis.

* análisis sintáctico = syntactical analysis.

* análisis topográfico = surveying.

* análisis univariante = univariate test.

* bloque funcional de análisis de contenido = subject analysis block.

* centro de análisis de la información = information analysis centre.

* lenguaje para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup language.

* modelo de análisis de costes = cost model.

* nuevo análisis = reanalysis [reanalyses, -pl.].

* programa de análisis de ficheros de transacciones = log analysis software.

* realizar un análisis = conduct + analysis.

* realizar un análisis factorial = factor-analyse [factor-analyze, -USA].

* segundo análisis = re-examination [reexamination].

* SGML (Lenguaje Estándar Universal para el Análisis Formal de Documentos) = SGML (Standard Generalised Markup Language).

* sistema para el análisis formal de documentos = markup code.

* sistema para el análisis formal de documentos web = markup system.

* superar un análisis minucioso = stand up to + scrutiny, stand up to + examination.

* unidad de análisis = unit of study.

* XML (Lenguaje Extensible para el Análisis de Documentos) = XML (Extensible Markup Language).

* * *

masculino (pl análisis) analysis

* * *

* * *

(pl análisis)

A (de una situación, un tema) analysis

hizo un análisis del problema he analyzed o carried out an analysis of the problem

cost-benefit analysis

B ( Med, Quím) analysis

hacerse un análisis de orina/sangre to have a urine/blood test

clinical analysis

spectrum analysis

organic analysis

C ( Ling) analysis

discourse analysis

grammatical analysis

syntactic analysis

D ( Mat) analysis, calculus

E ( Psic) analysis

* * *

◊ análisis) analysis;

* * *

análisis nm inv

1. [de situación, problema] analysis;

hacer un análisis de algo to analyse sth

análisis cualitativo qualitative analysis;

análisis cuantitativo quantitative analysis;

análisis de mercado market analysis

2. [médico] analysis

análisis de orina urine test;

análisis químico chemical analysis;

análisis de sangre blood test

3. Gram analysis

análisis sintáctico syntactic analysis

4. Informát analysis

5. Mat analysis

6. Psi analysis

* * *

m inv analysis

* * *

análisis nm

: analysis

* * *

análisis n analysis [pl. analyses]

1) ( пакунок) package, parcel; ( невеликий) packet

2) ( сумка) paper bag; ( картонний) box; carton

3) ( офіційний лист) ( registered) letter

4) (акцій, цінних паперів) block

5) ( комплекс взаємопов'язаних положень) package

6) тех. ( стос) pile, stack, pack; packet

(бетонный, песчаника, известняка) brick, assemblage, assembly unit, bank, sheave block, block, box электрон.; вчт., cluster, construction unit, element, organ, structural member, modular unit, module, solid monolith, pack, package, pulley, sheave, slab сил., stack, station, unit

* * *

1. ( механизм в форме колеса с жёлобом по окружности) block, pulley

2. ( узел машины) unit

3. стр. block

авари́йный блок яд. физ. — safety block

автоно́мный блок вчт. — off-line unit

блок аккумуля́торных пласти́н одно́й поля́рности — positive or negative plate group

арифмети́ческий блок вчт. — arithmetic unit

бето́нный блок — concrete block

блок вво́да-вы́вода вчт. — input-output unit

блок веретена́ текст. — wharve, pulley

вертлю́жный блок — swivel block

воспринима́ющий блок — sensing unit

блок воспроизведе́ния вчт. — reproducing unit

блок вы́борки (числа́) вчт. — selection unit

блок вы́дачи да́нных — read-out unit

блок выделе́ния (сигна́ла) оши́бки — error detector

блок выпускно́го отве́рстия метал. — tap-hole block

высокочасто́тный блок (передатчика, приёмника) — radio-frequency [r.f., RF] unit, radio-frequency [r.f., RF] section

вычисли́тельный блок — computing unit

блок генера́тор — трансформа́тор — generator-transformer unit

блок генера́тор — усили́тель — oscillator-amplifier unit

ги́псовый блок — gypsum block

ги́псовый, перегоро́дочный блок — plaster slab

глухо́й блок — dummy block

глухо́й, торцо́вый блок — girder end block

блок горе́лок — burner assembly

блок грузовы́х та́лей — cargo-hoist block

блок да́нных вчт. — data unit, data block

дополня́ть блок да́нных до тре́буемой длины́ (напр. двоичными нулями) — pad a data block with (e. g., binary zeroes)

блок да́тчиков — data-transmitter unit

блок дви́гателя — engine block

двойно́й блок — double (sheaved) block

двушки́вный блок — double (sheaved) block

диато́мовый блок геол. — diatomaceous block

дифференциа́льный блок — differential block

блок для заполне́ния перекры́тия — filler block

блок дози́рующих кла́панов прок. — metering block

до́ковый блок — dock block

задаю́щий блок вчт. — set (up) unit

блок заде́ржки

1. см. блок запаздывания

2. вчт. delay unit

закладно́й блок стр. — blockout

блок замедли́теля ( реактора) — moderator block

блок запа́здывания (для моделирования транспортного запаздывания в системах автоматического управления) — time-delay simulator, time-delay unit

запасно́й блок — spare unit

блок за́писей вчт. — record block

компонова́ть блок из за́писей — pack a block with records

разбива́ть блок за́писей на сегме́нты — split a (record) block into segments

защи́тный блок стр. — shielding block

звуково́й блок — sound unit, sound head

звуково́й, магни́тный блок — magnetic sound head

блок зу́бчатых колё́с — gear cluster

блок имита́ции гистере́зиса — hysteresis unit

блок имита́ции зо́ны нечувстви́тельности — dead zone unit

блок и́мпульсного генера́тора — pulser box

блок индика́ции — display unit

блок информа́ции — information block

исполни́тельный блок — actuating [final-control] unit, actuator; вчт. executive unit

ка́бельный, многокана́льный блок — multiple-duct conduit

ка́бельный, моноли́тный блок — monolithic conduit

ка́бельный, однокана́льный блок — single-duct conduit, one-duct bank

кни́жный блок — inner book

блок компенса́ции череду́ющимися возмуще́ниями киб. — posicast compensating section

конденса́торный блок — gang capacitor

контро́льный блок ( монитор) тлв. — monitor unit

блок котё́л — турби́на — single-boiler single-turbine combination

коте́льный, заводско́й блок — shop-assembled boiler module

коте́льный, монта́жный блок — field-assembled boiler module

лепно́й потоло́чный блок — stucco ceiling block

лито́й блок — slip-cast block

лонг-та́кельный блок — long-tackle block

блок магни́тных голо́вок — head stack

блок манипуля́тора — keying unit

многошки́вный блок — multiple (sheaved) block

мно́жительно-дели́тельный блок — multiplier-divider (unit)

мо́дульный блок — modular unit

блок мозаи́чной структу́ры — mosaic block

блок на грузово́й стреле́ — head block

накопи́тельный блок ( в запоминающем устройстве) — stack

блок намо́точных бараба́нов прок. — winding frame

направля́ющий блок — lead(ing) block

блок настро́йки

1. радио tuner

2. автмт. adjusting [setting] unit

блок настро́йки анте́нны — aerial [antenna] tuning unit

блок настро́йки сопла́ ракет. — nozzle-trim unit

натяжно́й блок — tension block

неавтоно́мный блок вчт. — on-line unit

невосстана́вливаемый блок — “throw-away” unit

блок незави́симой переме́нной — independent variable unit

неподви́жный блок стр. — fixed [standing] block

блок обрабо́тки да́нных — processing unit

объё́мный блок стр. — (concrete) box unit

объё́мный, кварти́рный блок — factory-assembled box-formed dwelling unit

огнеупо́рный шамо́тный блок — refractory fireclay block

однопусто́тный блок стр. — unicell block

одношки́вный блок — single(-sheaved) block

операцио́нный блок — operational unit

основно́й блок ( в системе параллельного резервирования или дублирования) — nonredundant unit

отводно́й блок — angle block

открыва́ющийся блок стр. — snatch block

блок отрабо́тки магни́тных вариа́ций — magnetic variation unit

блок оце́нки — estimation [evaluation] unit

блок па́мяти — memory [storage] unit

блок па́мяти, бу́ферный — buffer unit

блок переключа́телей — gang switch

блок пече́й метал. — bench

печно́й блок метал. — furnace block

блок пита́ния

1. power [supply] unit

2. хим. feeding block

блок плаву́чести мор. — foam buoyancy

подви́жный блок — running block

подъё́мный блок ( в отличие от приводного) — load [lifting] block

блок полиспа́ста — tackle block

блок полиспа́ста, ни́жний — hoisting block (of a purchase tackle)

блок постоя́нных коэффицие́нтов — scaler

бло́ки постоя́нных програ́мм — firmware

приводно́й блок — hauling [operating] block

приё́мно-усили́тельный блок — receiver-amplifier unit

блок проби́вки перфока́рт — card punching unit

блок прогно́за киб. — prediction unit

блок произво́дных автмт. — derivative block

просто́й блок — single purchase

блок радиотелеметри́ческой за́писи, ка́дровый — histogram recorder

блок развё́ртки (осциллоскопа радиолокационного индикатора, электроннолучевой трубки) — брит. time-base circuit, time-base unit; амер. sweep circuit, sweep unit

блок, распределя́ющий нагру́зку — distributing block

регистри́рующий блок — recording unit

блок регулиро́вки — adjustment unit

регули́рующий блок — regulating unit

резе́рвный блок — standby unit; ( в системе резервирования) redundant [duplicate] unit, redundant [duplicate] component

реле́йный блок — relay unit

ру́дный блок — ore block

сво́довый магнези́то-хроми́товый блок — magnesite-chrome roof block

блок свя́зи — coupling unit, coupler

блок свя́зи с кана́лом ( в системе передачи данных) — line adapter

блок сдви́га — shift unit

сдво́енный блок — twin pulley block

селе́кторный блок — strobe unit

блок селе́кции и́мпульсов — pulse gating unit

сельси́нный блок — synchro unit

блок се́точного управле́ния — grid control unit

блок синхрониза́ции — synchronizer, timer, timing unit

скре́перный блок горн. — scraper block

скулово́й блок мор. — bilge block

сло́жный, кана́тный блок — rope tackle

сло́жный, цепно́й блок — chain tackle, chain purchase

случа́йный блок ( в системах управления) — randomized block

сме́нный блок — plug-in [pluggable] unit

смолодоломи́товый блок — tar-dolomite block

блок согласова́ния анте́нны — aerial-matching [antenna-matching] unit, aerial [antenna] coupler

блок сопровожде́ния рлк. — tracking unit

блок сравне́ния — comparator (unit)

станда́ртный блок — standard unit

стекля́нный блок — glass block

стеново́й блок — building block

стеново́й, керами́ческий пустоте́лый блок — clay building tile

стеново́й, пустоте́лый блок — hollow building block

строи́тельный блок — building block

применя́ть строи́тельные бло́ки под облицо́вку [обкла́дку] — use building blocks for backing up a facing material

стыково́й блок — joint block

съё́мный блок вчт. — plug-in [pluggable] unit

сырцо́вый блок — adobe block

блок телеметри́ческой аппарату́ры — telemetry unit

блок трансля́ции — translator unit

блок уко́сины, направля́ющий — jib sheave

блок умноже́ния — multiplier (unit)

блок управле́ния — control unit, control block

ура́новый блок ( ядерного реактора) — slug

блок ускори́телей ракет. — boost cluster

блок у шпо́ра грузово́й стрелы́ — heel block

блок фазиро́вки анте́нны — aerial [antenna] phasing unit

блок фокусиро́вки — focusing block

блок формирова́ния и́мпульсов — pulse shaping [generating] unit

блок формирова́ния пусково́го и́мпульса — trigger-pulse generator

блок фототриангуля́ции — (aerial) triangulation block, aeropolygon

блок фунда́мента — concrete foundation block

функциона́льный блок вчт. — functional block, functional unit

блок футеро́вки метал. — lining block

хрони́рующий блок радио — clock unit

цепно́й блок — chain sheave

блок цепны́х та́лей — chain-hoist block

блок цикло́нов — cyclone battery

цилиндри́ческий, а́нкерный блок — cylindrical block

блок цили́ндров — cylinder block

цифрово́й блок — digital unit

блок часто́тной развя́зки — diplexer

блок шестерё́н — gear cluster

шлакобето́нный блок — slag-concrete [cinder] block

шнурово́й блок ( ручного телефонного коммутатора) — cord pulley weight

блок штукату́рки, мая́чный — spacer block

sampling.

muestreo aleatorio random sampling

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: muestrear.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (gen) sampling; (aleatorio) random sample, cross-section

* * *

SM (=acto) sampling; (=muestra) sample

* * *

masculino sampling

* * *

= sampling, spot check.

Ex. Space here does not permit more than a cursory sampling of the kinds of sources that are available.

Ex. To answer this question, the writer made a spot check of selected schools in Texas by means of a mailed questionnaire.

----

* error de muestreo = sampling error.

* muestreo al azar = random sampling.

* muestreo al azar estratificado = stratified random sampling.

* muestreo al azar simple = simple random sampling.

* muestreo de actividades = activity sampling.

* muestreo probabilístico = random sampling.

* muestreo probabilístico estratificado = stratified random sampling.

* muestreo probabilístico simple = simple random sampling.

* * *

masculino sampling

* * *

* * *

sampling

se hizo un muestreo de la población a sample of the population was chosen

* * *

* * *

muestreo nm

sampling

muestreo por grupos cluster sampling

* * *

m en estadística sample; acto sampling

1) bloc

in the meantime, in the meanwhile.

while (time).

leía mientras comía she was reading while eating

* * *

► adverbio

1 in the meantime, meanwhile

■ voy por unas toallas, mientras (tanto), vete calentando el agua I'm going to get some towels, in the meantime you can start heating the water

► conjunción

1 (temporal) while, whilst

■ mientras estés de vacaciones no pienses en el trabajo while you're on holiday, don't think about work

■ mientras estaba fuera tuvo un accidente he had an accident while he was away

2 (adversativa) whereas

■ yo al menos he estudiado, mientras que tú no at least I have studied, whereas you haven't

3 (hasta que) until

■ no sabremos quién lo hizo mientras no tengamos las pruebas necesarias we won't know who did it until we have the necessary evidence

4 (condicional) as long as

■ te lo explico mientras no se lo digas a nadie más I'll tell you as long as you don't tell anyone else

* * *

1) while, as

2) as long as

•

- mientras que

* * *

1. CONJ

1) (=durante) while

2) [expresando condición] as long as

3) (=en tanto que) while, whereas

4) esp LAm (=cuanto)

ADV (tb: mientras tanto) (=entre tanto) meanwhile, in the meantime

* * *

1) ( al mismo tiempo) tb

2) (esp AmL) ( cuanto)

1) ( indicando simultaneidad) while

2)

a) (con idea de futuro, condición, etc)

b)

3)

* * *

----

* mientras está funcionando = in mid-operation.

* mientras estamos en ello = while we're at it.

* mientras haya existencias = while stocks last, subject to availability.

* mientras hay vida hay esperanza = where there's life there's hope.

* mientras juega = at play.

* mientras más, mejor = the more the merrier, the more the better.

* mientras que = as long as, so long as, whereas, while, whilst.

* mientras queden = while stocks last.

* mientras que + Subjuntivo = provided (that).

* mientras se trabaja = on-the-job.

* mientras tanto = in (the) meantime, meanwhile, meantime, ad interim.

* * *

1) ( al mismo tiempo) tb

2) (esp AmL) ( cuanto)

1) ( indicando simultaneidad) while

2)

a) (con idea de futuro, condición, etc)

b)

3)

* * *

* mientras está funcionando = in mid-operation.

* mientras estamos en ello = while we're at it.

* mientras haya existencias = while stocks last, subject to availability.

* mientras hay vida hay esperanza = where there's life there's hope.

* mientras juega = at play.

* mientras más, mejor = the more the merrier, the more the better.

* mientras que = as long as, so long as, whereas, while, whilst.

* mientras queden = while stocks last.

* mientras que + Subjuntivo = provided (that).

* mientras se trabaja = on-the-job.

* mientras tanto = in (the) meantime, meanwhile, meantime, ad interim.

* * *

A (al mismo tiempo) tb

mientras tanto in the meantime, meanwhile

yo caliento la comida, tú mientras (tanto) puedes poner la mesa I'll heat the food up and while I'm doing that you can set the table o and you can be setting the table meanwhile

( esp AmL) (cuanto): mientras más se le da, más pide the more you give him, the more he wants

mientras menos tenga que tratar con ella, mejor the less I have to deal with her the better

A (indicando simultaneidad) while

entraron mientras dormíamos they got in while we were asleep

1 (con idea de futuro, condición, etc) (+ subj) as long as

mientras pueda/viva as long as I can/live

mientras persistan en esa actitud no van a conseguir nada de él as long as they persist with that attitude o unless they change their attitude they won't get anywhere with him

mientras (que) (siempre que) (+ subj) as long as

mientras (que) él no se entere … as long as he doesn't find out …

mientras que (con valor adversativo) whereas, while

él ha ganado varios premios, mientras que su hermano es totalmente desconocido he has won several awards while o whereas his brother is totally unknown

* * *

◊ mientras tanto in the meantime, meanwhile

◊ mientras más se le da, más pide the more you give him, the more he wants;

◊ mientras dormíamos while we were asleep

◊ mientras viva/él no se entere as long as I live/he doesn't find out

◊ mientras que ( con valor adversativo) whereas, while

* * *

♦ conj

1. [al tiempo que] while;

leía mientras comía she was reading while eating

2. [siempre que]

mientras pueda as long as I can

3. [hasta que]

4. [cuanto]

mientras menos hables, mejor the less you speak the better

5.

mientras que no hagas ruido, puedes quedarte as long as you don't make any noise, you can stay

6.

♦ adv

mientras (tanto) meanwhile, in the meantime

* * *

I conj while;

mientras que whereas

II adv

mientras tanto in the meantime, meanwhile

* * *

mientras adv

1) or

mientras tanto : meanwhile, in the meantime

mientras más : the more

mientras más como, más quiero: the more I eat, the more I want

mientras conj

1) : while, as

roncaba mientras dormía: he snored while he was sleeping

2) : as long as

luchará mientras pueda: he will fight as long as he is able

mientras que : while, whereas

él es alto mientras que ella es muy baja: he is tall, whereas she is very short

* * *

mientras¹ adv meanwhile

mientras² conj (al mismo tiempo) while

* * *

па́чка бума́ги — bundle [pack] of paper

па́чка и́мпульсов — pulse burst

па́чка и́мпульсов отве́та рлк. — radar return burst

па́чка оши́бок свз. — error burst

па́чка у́гля — coal band, coal bench

па́чка у́гля, ни́жняя — bottom band, lower bench

па́чка фольги́ — foil stack

эмульсио́нная па́чка — emulsion stack

νόμος, ου, ὁ (νέμω; [Zenodotus reads ν. in Od. 1, 3] Hes.+; loanw. in rabb.—On the history of the word MPohlenz, Nomos: Philol 97, ’48, 135–42; GShipp, Nomos ‘Law’ ’78; MOstwald, Nomos and the Beginnings of Athenian Democracy ’69). The primary mng. relates to that which is conceived as standard or generally recognized rules of civilized conduct esp. as sanctioned by tradition (Pind., Fgm. 152, 1=169 Schr. νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεύς; cp. SEG XVII, 755, 16: Domitian is concerned about oppressive practices hardening into ‘custom’; MGigante, ΝΟΜΟΣ ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ [Richerche filologiche 1] ’56). The synonym ἔθος (cp. συνήθεια) denotes that which is habitual or customary, especially in reference to personal behavior. In addition to rules that take hold through tradition, the state or other legislating body may enact ordinances that are recognized by all concerned and in turn become legal tradition. A special semantic problem for modern readers encountering the term ν. is the general tendency to confine the usage of the term ‘law’ to codified statutes. Such limitation has led to much fruitless debate in the history of NT interpretation.—HRemus, Sciences Religieuses/Studies in Religion 13, ’84, 5–18; ASegal, Torah and Nomos in Recent Scholarly Discussion, ibid., 19–27.

① a procedure or practice that has taken hold, a custom, rule, principle, norm (Alcman [VII B.C.], Fgm. 93 D² of the tune that the bird sings; Ocellus [II B.C.] c. 49 Harder [1926] τῆς φύσεως νόμος; Appian, Basil. 1 §2 πολέμου ν., Bell. Civ. 5, 44 §186 ἐκ τοῦδε τοῦ σοῦ νόμου=under this rule of yours that governs action; Polyaenus 5, 5, 3 ν. πόμπης; 7, 11, 6 ν. φιλίας; Sextus 123 τοῦ βίου νόμος; Just., A II, 2, 4 παρὰ τὸν τῆς φύσεως ν.; Ath. 3, 1 νόμῳ φύσεως; 13, 1 θυσιῶν νόμῳ)

ⓐ gener. κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκίνης in accordance w. the rule of an external commandment Hb 7:16. εὑρίσκω τὸν νόμον I observe an established procedure or principle or system Ro 7:21 (ν. as ‘principle’, i.e. an unwritten rightness of things Soph., Ant. 908). According to Bauer, Paul uses the expression νόμος (which dominates this context) in cases in which he prob. would have preferred another word. But it is also prob. that Paul purposely engages in wordplay to heighten the predicament of those who do not rely on the gospel of liberation from legal constraint: the Apostle speaks of a principle that obligates one to observe a code of conduct that any sensible pers. would recognize as sound and valid ὁ νόμος τ. νοός μου vs. 23b (s. νοῦς 1a). Engaged in a bitter struggle w. this νόμος there is a ἕτερος νόμος which, in contrast to the νοῦς, dwells ἐν τοῖς μέλεσίν μου in my (physical) members vs. 23a, and hence is a νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας vs. 23c and 25b or a νόμος τ. ἁμαρτίας καὶ τ. θανάτου 8:2b. This sense prepares the way for the specific perspective

ⓑ of life under the lordship of Jesus Christ as a ‘new law’ or ‘system’ of conduct that constitutes an unwritten tradition ὁ καινὸς ν. τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 2:6; in brief ν. Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ IMg 2 (cp. Just., D. 11, 4; 43, 1; Mel., P. 7, 46). Beginnings of this terminology as early as Paul: ὁ ν. τοῦ Χριστοῦ =the standard set by Christ Gal 6:2 (as vs. 3 intimates, Christ permitted himself to be reduced to nothing, thereby setting the standard for not thinking oneself to be someth.). The gospel is a νόμος πίστεως a law or system requiring faith Ro 3:27b (FGerhard, TZ 10, ’54, 401–17) or ὁ ν. τοῦ πνεύματος τῆς ζωῆς ἐν Χρ. Ἰ. the law of the spirit (=the spirit-code) of life in Chr. J. 8:2a. In the same sense Js speaks of a ν. βασιλικός (s. βασιλικός) 2:8 or ν. ἐλευθερίας vs. 12 (λόγος ἐλ. P⁷⁴), ν. τέλειος ὁ τῆς ἐλευθερίας 1:25 (association w. 1QS 10:6, 8, 11 made by EStauffer, TLZ 77, ’52, 527–32, is rejected by SNötscher, Biblica 34, ’53, 193f. On the theme of spontaneous moral achievement cp. Pind., Fgm. 152 [169 Schr.] 1f νόμος ὁ πάντων βασιλεὺς | θνατῶν τε καὶ ἀθανάτων | ἄγει δικαιῶν τὸ βιαιότατον| ὑπερτάτᾳ χειρί=custom is lord of all, of mortals and immortals both, and with strong hand directs the utmost power of the just. Plut., Mor. 780c interprets Pindar’s use of νόμος: ‘not written externally in books or on some wooden tablets, but as lively reason functioning within him’ ἔμψυχος ὢν ἐν αὐτῷ λόγῳ; Aristot., EN 4, 8, 10 οἷον ν. ὢν ἑαυτῷ; Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος; cp. also Ovid, Met. 1, 90 sponte sua sine lege fidem rectumque colebat; Mayor, comm. ‘Notes’ 73.—RHirzel, ΑΓΡΑΦΟΣ ΝΟΜΟΣ 1903.). Some would put ὁ νόμος Js 2:9 here (s. LAllevi, Scuola Cattol. 67, ’39, 529–42), but s. 2b below.—Hermas too, who in part interprets Israel’s legal tradition as referring to Christians, sees the gospel, exhibited in Christ’s life and words, as the ultimate expression of God’s will or ‘law’. He says of Christ δοὺς αὐτοῖς (i.e. the believers) τὸν ν., ὅν ἔλαβε παρὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ Hs 5, 6, 3, cp. Hs 8, 3, 3. Or he sees in the υἱὸς θεοῦ κηρυχθεὶς εἰς τὰ πέρατα τῆς γῆς, i.e. the preaching about the Son of God to the ends of the earth, the νόμος θεοῦ ὁ δοθεὶς εἰς ὅλον. τ. κόσμον 8, 3, 2. Similarly to be understood are τηρεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 3, 4. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. παθεῖν 8, 3, 6. ὑπὲρ τοῦ ν. θλίβεσθαι 8, 3, 7. ἀρνησάμενοι τὸν νόμον ibid. βλασφημεῖν τὸν ν. 8, 6, 2.

② constitutional or statutory legal system, law

ⓐ gener.: by what kind of law? Ro 3:27. ν. τῆς πόλεως the law of the city enforced by the ruler of the city (ν. ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι γραπτός Orig., C. Cels. 5, 37, 2); the penalty for breaking it is banishment Hs 1:5f. τοῖς ν. χρῆσθαι observe the laws 1:3; πείθεσθαι τοῖς ὡρισμένοις ν. obey the established laws Dg 5:10; νικᾶν τοὺς ν. ibid. (νικάω 3). Ro 7:1f, as well as the gnomic saying Ro 4:15b and 5:13b, have been thought by some (e.g. BWeiss, Jülicher) to refer to Roman law, but more likely the Mosaic law is meant (s. 3 below).

ⓑ specifically: of the law that Moses received from God and is the standard according to which membership in the people of Israel is determined (Diod S 1, 94, 1; 2: the lawgiver Mneves receives the law from Hermes, Minos from Zeus, Lycurgus from Apollo, Zarathustra from the ἀγαθὸς δαίμων, Zalmoxis from Hestia; παρὰ δὲ τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις, Μωϋσῆς receives the law from the Ἰαὼ ἐπικαλούμενος θεός) ὁ ν. Μωϋσέως Lk 2:22; J 7:23; Ac 15:5. ν. Μωϋσέως Ac 13:38; Hb 10:28. Also ὁ ν. κυρίου Lk 2:23f, 39; GJs 14:1. ὁ ν. τοῦ θεοῦ (Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 4]) Mt 15:6 v.l.; Ro 8:7 (cp. Tat. 7, 2; 32, 1; Ath. 3:2). ὁ ν. ἡμῶν, ὑμῶν, αὐτῶν etc. J 18:31; 19:7b v.l.; Ac 25:8. κατὰ τὸν ἡμέτερον ν. 24:6 v.l. (cp. Jos., Ant. 7, 131). ὁ πατρῷος ν. 22:3. τὸν ν. τῶν ἐντολῶν Eph 2:15. Since the context of Ac 23:29 ἐγκαλούμενον περὶ ζητημάτων τοῦ νόμου αὐτῶν points to the intimate connection between belief, cult, and communal solidarity in Judean tradition, the term νόμος is best rendered with an hendiadys: (charged in matters) relating to their belief and custom; cp. ν. ὁ καθʼ ὑμᾶς 18:15. Ro 9:31 (CRhyne, Νόμος Δικαιοσύνης and the meaning of Ro 10:4: CBQ 47, ’85, 486–99).—Abs., without further qualification ὁ ν. Mt 22:36; 23:23; Lk 2:27; J 1:17; Ac 6:13; 7:53; 21:20, 28; Ro 2:15 (τὸ ἔργον τοῦ νόμου the work of the law [=the moral product that the Mosaic code requires] is written in the heart; difft. Diod S 1, 94, 1 ν. ἔγγραπτος, s. 1b, above), 18, 20, 23b, 26; 4:15a, 16; 7:1b, 4–7, 12, 14, 16; 8:3f; 1 Cor 15:56; Gal 3:12f, 17, 19, 21a, 24; 5:3, 14; 1 Ti 1:8 (GRudberg, ConNeot 7, ’42, 15); Hb 7:19 (s. Windisch, Hdb. exc. ad loc.), 28a; 10:1; cp. Js 2:9 (s. 1b above); μετὰ τὸν ν. Hb 7:28b; οἱ ἐν τῷ ν. Ro 3:19; κατὰ τὸν ν. according to the (Mosaic) law (Jos., Ant. 14, 173; 15, 51 al.; Just., D. 10, 1) J 19:7b; Ac 22:12; 23:3; Hb 7:5; 9:22. παρὰ τ. νόμον contrary to the law (Jos., Ant. 17, 151, C. Ap. 2, 219; Ath. 1, 3 παρὰ πάντα ν.) Ac 18:13.—νόμος without the art. in the same sense (on the attempt, beginning w. Origen, In Ep. ad Ro 3:7 ed. Lomm. VI 201, to establish a difference in mng. betw. Paul’s use of ὁ νόμος and νόμος s. B-D-F §258, 2; Rob. 796; Mlt-Turner 177; Grafe [s. 3b below] 7–11) Ro 2:13ab, 17, 23a, * 25a; 3:31ab; 5:13, 20; 7:1a (s. above); Gal 2:19b; 5:23 (JRobb, ET 56, ’45, 279f compares κατὰ δὲ τῶν τοιούτων οὐκ ἔστι νόμος Aristot., Pol. 1284a). δικαίῳ νόμος οὐ κεῖται, ἀνόμοις δὲ … 1 Ti 1:9. Cp. ἑαυτοῖς εἰσιν νόμος Ro 2:14 (in Pla., Pol. and in Stoic thought the wise person needed no commandment [Stoic. III 519], the bad one did; MPohlenz, Stoa ’48/49 I 133; II 75). Used w. prepositions: ἐκ ν. Ro 4:14; Gal 3:18, 21c (v.l. ἐν ν.); Phil 3:9 (ἐκ νόμου can also mean corresponding to or in conformity with the law: PRev 15, 11 ἐκ τῶν νόμων); cp. ἐκ τοῦ νόμου Ro 10:5. διὰ νόμου Ro 2:12b; 3:20b; 4:13; 7:7b; Gal 2:19a, 21; ἐν ν. (ἐν τῷ ν. Iren. 3, 11, 8 [Harv. II 49, 9]) Ro 2:12a, 23; Gal 3:11, 21c v.l.; 5:4; Phil 3:6. κατὰ νόμον 3:5; Hb 8:4; 10:8 (make an offering κατὰ νόμον as Arrian, Anab. 2, 26, 4; 5, 8, 2); χωρὶς ν. Ro 3:21a; 7:8f; ἄχρι ν. 5:13a. ὑπὸ νόμον 6:14f; 1 Cor 9:20; Gal 3:23; 4:4f, 21a; 5:18 (cp. Just., D. 45, 3 οἱ ὑπὸ τὸν ν.).—Dependent on an anarthrous noun παραβάτης νόμου a law-breaker Ro 2:25b ( 27b w. art.); Js 2:11. ποιητὴς ν. one who keeps the law 4:11d (w. art. Ro 2:13b). τέλος ν. the end of the law Ro 10:4 (RBultmann and HSchlier, Christus des Ges. Ende ’40). πλήρωμα ν. fulfilment of the law 13:10. ν. μετάθεσις a change in the law Hb 7:12. ἔργα ν. Ro 3:20a, 28; 9:32 v.l.; Gal 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10a.—(ὁ) ν. (τοῦ) θεοῦ Ro 7:22, 25a; 8:7 because it was given by God and accords w. his will. Lasting Mt 5:18; Lk 16:17 (cp. Bar 4:1; PsSol 10:4; Philo, Mos. 2, 14; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 277).—Used w. verbs, w. or without the art.: ν. ἔχειν J 19:7a; Ro 2:14 (ApcSed 14:5). πληροῦν ν. fulfill the law Ro 13:8; pass. Gal 5:14 (Mel., P. 42, 291). πληροῦν τὸ δικαίωμα τοῦ ν. fulfill the requirement of the law Ro 8:4. φυλάσσειν τὸν ν. observe the law Ac 21:24; Gal 6:13. τὰ δικαιώματα τοῦ ν. φυλάσσειν observe the precepts of the law Ro 2:26; διώκειν ν. δικαιοσύνης 9:31a; πράσσειν ν. 2:25a. ποιεῖν τὸν ν. J 7:19b; Gal 5:3; Ro 2:14b, s. below; τὸν ν. τηρεῖν Js 2:10. τὸν ν. τελεῖν Ro 2:27. φθάνειν εἰς ν. 9:31b. κατὰ ν. Ἰουδαϊσμὸν ζῆν IMg 8:1 v.l. is prob. a textual error (Pearson, Lghtf., Funk, Bihlmeyer, Hilgenfeld; Zahn, Ign. v. Ant. 1873 p. 354, 1 [difft. in Zahn’s edition] all omit νόμον as a gloss and are supported by the Latin versions; s. Hdb. ad loc.). τὰ τοῦ ν. ποιεῖν carry out the requirements of the law Ro 2:14b (ApcSed 14:5; FFlückiger, TZ 8, ’52, 17–42). καταλαλεῖν νόμου, κρίνειν ν. Js 4:11abc. ἐδόθη ν. Gal 3:21a.—Pl. διδοὺς νόμους μου εἰς τὴν διάνοιαν αὐτῶν Hb 8:10; cp. 10:16 (both Jer 38:33).—Of an individual stipulation of the law ὁ νόμος τοῦ ἀνδρός the law insofar as it concerns the husband (Aristot., Fgm. 184 R. νόμοι ἀνδρὸς καὶ γαμετῆς.—SIG 1198, 14 κατὰ τὸν νόμον τῶν ἐρανιστῶν; Num 9:12 ὁ ν. τοῦ πάσχα; Philo, Sobr. 49 ὁ ν. τῆς λέπρας) Ro 7:2b; cp. 7:3 and δέδεται νόμῳ vs. 2a (on the imagery Straub 94f); 1 Cor 7:39 v.l.—The law is personified, as it were (Demosth. 43, 59; Aeschin. 1, 18; Herm. Wr. 12, 4 [the law of punishment]; IMagnMai 92a, 11 ὁ ν. συντάσσει; b, 16 ὁ ν. ἀγορεύει; Jos., Ant. 3, 274) J 7:51; Ro 3:19.

③ a collection of holy writings precious to God’s people, sacred ordinance

ⓐ in the strict sense the law=the Pentateuch, the work of Moses the lawgiver (Diod S 40, 3, 6 προσγέγραπται τοῖς νόμοις ἐπὶ τελευτῆς ὅτι Μωσῆς ἀκούσας τοῦ θεοῦ τάδε λέγει τ. Ἰουδαίοις=at the end of the laws this is appended: this is what Moses heard from God and is telling to the Jews. ὁ διὰ τοῦ ν. μεταξὺ καθαρῶν καὶ ἀκαθάρτων διαστείλας θεός Iren. 3, 12, 7 [Harv. II 60, 3]; cp. Hippol., Ref. 7, 34, 1) τὸ βιβλίον τοῦ νόμου Gal 3:10b (cp. Dt 27:26). Also simply ὁ νόμος (Jos., Bell. 7, 162 ὁ ν. or 2, 229 ὁ ἱερὸς ν. of the holy book in a concrete sense) Mt 12:5 (Num 28:9f is meant); J 8:5; 1 Cor 9:8 (cp. Dt 25:4); 14:34 (cp. Gen 3:16); Gal 4:21b (the story of Abraham); Hb 9:19. ὁ ν. ὁ ὑμέτερος J 8:17 (cp. Jos., Bell. 5, 402; Tat. 40, 1 κατὰ τοὺς ἡμετέρους ν.). ἐν Μωϋσέως νόμῳ γέγραπται 1 Cor 9:9. καθὼς γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ κυρίου Lk 2:23 (γέγραπται ἐν νόμῳ as Athen. 6, 27, 23c; IMagnMai 52, 35 [III B.C.]; Mel., P. 11, 71; cp. Just., D. 8, 4 τὰ ἐν τῷ ν. γεγραμμένα); cp. vs. 24. ἔγραψεν Μωϋσῆς ἐν τῷ νόμῳ J 1:45 (cp. Cercidas [III B.C.], Fgm. 1, 18f Diehl² [=Coll. Alex. p. 204, 29=Knox p. 196] καὶ τοῦθʼ Ὅμηρος εἶπεν ἐν Ἰλιάδι).—The Sacred Scriptures (OT) referred to as a whole in the phrase ὁ ν. καὶ οἱ προφῆται (Orig., C. Cels. 2, 6, 4; cp. Hippol., Ref. 8, 19, 1) the law (הַתּוֹרָה) and the prophets (הַנְּבִיאִים) Mt 5:17; 7:12; 11:13; 22:40; Lk 16:16; Ac 13:15; 24:14; 28:23; Ro 3:21b; cp. Dg 11:6; J 1:45. τὰ γεγραμμένα ἐν τῷ ν. Μωϋσέως καὶ τοῖς προφήταις καὶ ψαλμοῖς Lk 24:44.

ⓑ In a wider sense=Holy Scripture gener., on the principle that the most authoritative part gives its name to the whole (ὁ ν. ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ Theoph. Ant. 1, 11 [p. 82, 15]): J 10:34 (Ps 81:6); 12:34 (Ps 109:4; Is 9:6; Da 7:14); 15:25 (Ps 34:19; 68:5); 1 Cor 14:21 (Is 28:11f); Ro 3:19 (preceded by a cluster of quotations fr. Psalms and prophets).—Mt 5:18; Lk 10:26; 16:17; J 7:49.—JHänel, Der Schriftbegriff Jesu 1919; OMichel, Pls u. s. Bibel 1929; SWesterholm, Studies in Religion 15, ’86, 327–36.—JMeinhold, Jesus u. das AT 1896; MKähler, Jesus u. das AT² 1896; AKlöpper, Z. Stellung Jesu gegenüber d. Mos. Gesetz, Mt 5:17–48: ZWT 39, 1896, 1–23; EKlostermann, Jesu Stellung z. AT 1904; AvHarnack, Hat Jesus das atl. Gesetz abgeschafft?: Aus Wissenschaft u. Leben II 1911, 225–36, SBBerlAk 1912, 184–207; KBenz, D. Stellung Jesu zum atl. Gesetz 1914; MGoguel, RHPR 7, 1927, 160ff; BBacon, Jesus and the Law: JBL 47, 1928, 203–31; BBranscomb, Jes. and the Law of Moses 1930; WKümmel, Jes. u. d. jüd. Traditionsged.: ZNW 33, ’34, 105–30; JHempel, D. synopt. Jesus u. d. AT: ZAW 56, ’38, 1–34.—Lk-Ac: JJervell, HTR 64, ’71, 21–36.—EGrafe, D. paulin. Lehre vom Gesetz² 1893; HCremer, D. paulin. Rechtfertigungslehre 1896, 84ff; 363ff; FSieffert, D. Entwicklungslinie d. paul. Gesetzeslehre: BWeiss Festschr. 1897, 332–57; WSlaten, The Qualitative Use of νόμος in the Pauline Ep.: AJT 23, 1919, 213ff; HMosbech, Pls’ Laere om Loven: TT 4/3, 1922, 108–37; 177–221; EBurton, ICC, Gal 1921, 443–60; PFeine, Theol. des NT⁶ ’34, 208–15 (lit.); PBenoit, La Loi et la Croix d’après S. Paul (Ro 7:7–8:4): RB 47, ’38, 481–509; CMaurer, D. Gesetzeslehre des Pls ’41; PBläser, D. Gesetz b. Pls ’41; BReicke, JBL 70, ’51, 259–76; GBornkamm, Das Ende d. Gesetzes ’63; HRaisänen, Paul and the Law² ’87; PRichardson/SWesterholm, et al., Law in Religious Communities in the Rom. Period, ’91 (Torah and Nomos); MNobile, La Torà al tempo di Paolo, alcune ri-flessioni: Atti del IV simposio di Tarso su S. Paolo Apostolo, ed. LPadovese ’96, 93–106 (lit. 93f, n. 1).—Dodd 25–41.—B. 1358; 1419; 1421. DELG s.v. νέμω Ic. Schmidt, Syn. I 333–47. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.